Now the whole Earth had one language and one speech. Gen. 11:1

There are, it may be, so many kinds of languages in the world, and none of them is without significance.

Therefore, if I do not know the meaning of the language, I shall be a foreigner to him who speaks, and he who speaks will be a foreigner to me. 1cor. 14:10-11

And the Lord said: indeed the people are one and they all have one language and this is what they begin to do; nothing that they purpose to do will be withheld from them.

“Come, let us go down and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech”

Therefore its name is called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the Earth, and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth. Gen. 11:6-7,9

Whoever loves instructions loves knowledge, but he who hates correction is stupid. Prov. 12:1

New Sprit Filled life Bible (NKJV) 2002

By Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Samuel ASANI BAHOMBWA

IN MEMORIAM 

To you our great-grand parents,

To you our memorable grandparents BAHOMBWA T. SAMUEL

ASANI, ABONGELA ISHIBAKOMWA and KANYELE NAWABEHA in our memory;

To you our deceased father-in-law KIZA MSEKE François;

To you our uncles, aunts, friends and brothers in Christ ASANI CONSTATIN ABONGELA,FUNDI ETEMBWA, ELENA ASANI, ASUKULU W’AMBO, REHANI AKENGA, BALONGELWA MASTAJABU, RAMADHANI MUTAMBALA Fabien, ELISHA ISHIBYUMA, FEZA  ETEMBWA, AMOSI MKENDJA and SUDI MSHIELWA whom death has precociously snatched from our fondness.

May our ancestors’ land be gentle with you.

Samuel ASANI BAHOMBWA

 

 

DEDICATION

To my lovely and dearest wife Francine MALENGA MSEKE and our children ELIZABETH, MSEKE, TOSHA, PAUL, SOLANGE and my other ones who are yet to come.

Samuel ASANI BAHOMBWA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Without the efforts and contributions and all the support from different people, this work could not have been achieved or completed.

Therefore, a general debt of gratitude is owed to our parents MTATANWA ASANI and ELIZABETH LUUMBE respectively our father and mother who brought us into the world and grounded us in a better basic education.

However, it is with profound feeling that our gratitude is extended to Mr MUTAMBALA N. WAMSKE Christian and MWENGE SOLANGE who have sponsored our university studies to which access could have been impossible if they had not been open hearted, hospitable and cheerful givers.

Likewise, Drs. Frank MUNGANGA BUHENDWA, is highly acknowledged for having accepted the supervision of this work. His advice and encouragement in the production of this work have been grated despite his multiple occupations.

With genuine humility and much respect, we wish to thank all the authorities of Official University of Bukavu including the managing committee, professors, senior lecturers and junior lecturers, especially those from the faculty of letters and human sciences in general and those of department of letters and English civilization in particular for making us what we are.

We should also never forget the role played by Professor Samuel NDOMBA BENDA who has been seriously committed to the inception and advancement of the English department at OUB as a pioneer.

We remain deeply indebted to Professor Denis BARHISHI LUHIRIRI for all his fatherly support and professional guidance throughout the course of the study from the time of our first registration.

In this acknowledgement we would also like to thank all Fizi territory female students for taking their time to complete our questionnaire. Without their cooperation the study would have been impossible.

Pastor Isaac ABONGELA, MULASI, ALELWA, SIKITU, RUMASHA, FEZA, ANYESI, NABAONGI, W’ANGETA, MWAKALUNA, KIBARO, RIZIKI, MWASHITE, BABILYE, AMANI, BALEBIMO, ALIMASI, BENJAMIN, NTAKOBAJIRA KASHURHE, Yves KASOLE and CISARA and his wife are also thanked. We are also grateful to both our fellow students and companions namely, OMBENI, SADIKI, CHAMUNANI and CIRUBAKADERHA for their helpful and wise advice, collaboration and cooperation.

 Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to MALENGA, my wife, for encouraging me to study further and for her unfailing support throughout the course of the study.

May the Lord Jesus the Christ richly bless you all.

Samuel ASANI BAHOMBWA

 

 

ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

 

%             : Percentage

&              : and                

B.P            : Boîte Postale: Post Office Box

CUP           : Cambridge University Press

DAFI          : Deutsche Akademicshe Flüchtlings Initiative Albert Einshtein

                 (the Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative Fund)

Dr.                  : Doctor

DRC          :  Democratic Republic of the Congo

EFL           : English as a Foreign Language

ESL           : English as Second language

i.e             : id est; meaning that is (to say)

Inc            : Incorporated

L1             : First language

L2             : Second language

N.B           : Nota Bene : note well

NGOs         : Non-Governmental Organization

NKJV          : New King James  Version

OUB          : official University of Bukavu

OUP          : Oxford University Press

RDC          : République Démocratique du Congo

SMART       : Specific Measurable, Available at an Acceptable cost,    

                  Relevant and Time bound

TEFL          : Teaching of English as a Foreign Language

TESOL       : The teaching of English to speakers of other language

TTC           : Teachers Training College

TV             : television

US            : United States

USA          : United States of America